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#047 Cantilever retaining walls Specification and details

Cantilever wall are usually of reinforced concrete and work on the principles of leverage. Have much thinner stem, and utilize the weight of the backfill soil to provide most of the resistance to sliding and overturning. Most common type of earth- retaining structure. The cantilever retaining wall (“cantilever wall”) constructed of reinforced Portland-cement concrete (PCC) was the predominant type of rigid retaining wall used from about the 1920s to the 1970s Earth slopes and earth retaining structures are used to maintain two different ground surface elevations. FUNCTION To retain the soil at a slope that is greater than it would naturally assume, usually at a vertical or near vertical position. Design Consideration In order to calculate the pressure exerted at any point on the wall, the following must be taken in account: height of water table nature & type of soil subsoil water movements type of wall material used in the construction of wall ...

#99 Information about Central Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems

While the Energy Center usually tries to avoid the use of acronyms, HVAC is in common use in the heating and cooling industry. It stands for "heating, ventilation and air conditioning," three functions often combined into one system in today's modern homes and buildings. Warmed or cooled or dehumidified air flows through a series of tubes - called ducts - to be distributed to all the rooms of your house. A central HVAC system is the most quiet and convenient way to cool an entire home. Unless you live in an amazingly temperate climate, the HVAC system in your home uses more energy and drains more energy dollars than any other system in your home. Typically, 44 percent of your utility bill goes for heating and cooling. Like many other appliances, HVAC systems have improved in energy efficiency over the years. As a result, you can save money and increase your comfort by properly maintaining and upgrading your HVAC equipment. Another development is the whole house approac...

#048 Allowable maximum deflection in Beams and slabs

Maximum ratios of computed deflection to span L for beams and slabs as per ACI 318: The Building Code: Types of member Deflection to be considered Deflection Limit Flat roofs not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflection. Immediate deflection due to the live load. L/180* Floors not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections. Immediate deflection due to the live load. L/360. Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections. That part of the total deflection that occurs after attachment of the non-structural elements (the sum of the long-term deflection due to all sustained loads and the immediate deflection due to any additional live load.*** L/480** Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non-structural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections. L/240 $ *...

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